Browse by sport
Topics
Each topic gathers the calculators and explainers for one sport, built on the same published standard. Jump to a sport, or browse the full calculator and article directories.
Golf handicapping
The World Handicap System is fully published and entirely deterministic. These tools implement the score differential, Handicap Index and Course Handicap formulas exactly as the rulebook states.
Calculators
Golf Handicap Index calculator
Handicap Index estimate from the lowest 8 of your most recent 20 differentials.
ToolCourse Handicap calculator
Course and Playing Handicap for any tee and match format.
ToolScore Differential calculator
A single round’s differential from AGS, Course Rating, Slope and PCC.
Explainers
How is a golf handicap calculated?
The full calculation with the WHS rule numbers and a worked example.
ReadWhat is a score differential?
The formula that normalises a round for course difficulty and conditions.
ReadCourse Handicap vs Handicap Index
Portable ability versus the strokes you get on the day.
ReadWhat is a good golf handicap?
Where your Index sits by skill level, cited and framed honestly.
ReadWhat is the PCC?
The daily −1 to +3 adjustment and why you cannot compute your own.
Running & racing
Pace, equivalents and age grading — the evergreen long tail of distance running, each built on a published formula with its limits stated.
Calculators
Running pace calculator
Pace, speed and finish time in min/km and min/mile.
ToolRace time predictor
Riegel equivalents with an adjustable exponent, plus a VDOT-style second opinion.
ToolAge grading calculator
Age-graded time and percentage from the WMA factor table.
Explainers
How to calculate running pace
Pace, speed and finish time from first principles.
ReadHow accurate is the Riegel predictor?
The 1.06 exponent and where it breaks down.
ReadHow age grading works
Age factors, percentages, and why table years disagree.
ReadMarathon pace chart
A full pace table by finish time, in both units.
Strength scoring
Closed-form arithmetic on published coefficient sets. We show the version in use and note that a score only compares against scores computed with the same set.
Calculators
Wilks calculator
Wilks score in kg or lb with a version selector.
ToolIPF GL points calculator
IPF GL points by division, with DOTS as an alternative output.
ToolOne-rep max calculator
Epley, Brzycki and Lombardi side by side, with the spread shown.
Explainers
How is a Wilks score calculated?
The polynomial coefficient and a worked example.
ReadWhat is a good Wilks score?
Community benchmark bands, framed as context.
ReadWilks vs DOTS vs IPF GL
Three systems, why they disagree, and which to use.
ReadHow to estimate your one-rep max
Three formulas and the spread between them.
Swimming
World Aquatics points from your time against a published base time — only meaningful against a stated table year, which we always show.
Calculators
Explainers
Cricket scoring
Run rate arithmetic done correctly — including the bowled-out rule most calculators get wrong. We reference DLS but never compute it.
Calculators
Net run rate calculator
Run rate, required rate and net run rate with correct bowled-out handling.
ToolProjected score calculator
Project an innings total forward at the current or an assumed run rate.
Explainers
What is net run rate?
The ICC definition, decimal overs and the bowled-out rule.
ReadHow required run rate is calculated
Target, runs needed and overs remaining — arithmetic, not prediction.
ReadHow overs convert to decimals
Why 45.3 overs is 45.5 in decimal, and why it trips up run-rate maths.
ReadWhy DLS is not a run-rate calculation
What Duckworth–Lewis–Stern does, and why we reference it but never compute it.
Endurance data (cycling & rowing)
Power, pace and heart-rate tools built on published models, each stated as a reference with its assumptions and error band visible — never as a training prescription.
Calculators
Power-to-weight calculator
Watts per kilogram and FTP-relative W/kg from power and body mass.
ToolFTP training zones calculator
The seven Coggan power zones as watt ranges from your FTP.
ToolCycling speed from power
Road speed from power via the full physical model, with a stated error band.
ToolRowing split calculator
Convert 500m split, watts and pace using Concept2's published relationship.
ToolHeart rate zones calculator
Tanaka HRmax and Karvonen zones, with the full health-adjacent note.
Explainers
Power-to-weight explained
Why W/kg matters on climbs and how the tiers are derived.
ReadFTP zones and what they reference
What each Coggan zone trains, and why zone models disagree.
ReadEstimating speed from power
The physical model and why CdA is the dominant unknown.
ReadConcept2 watts and split explained
The 2.80 constant and why it is not an on-water boat speed.
Racquet & scoring systems
Head-to-head ratings and fantasy scoring from published algorithms and rules — framed as the rating change or point total a result produces, never as an outcome forecast.
Calculators
Elo rating calculator
Expected score and the rating change a result produces, with an adjustable K.
ToolFantasy points calculator
Total points from a stat line under an editable, user-owned scoring scheme.
Explainers
Standards & benchmarks
The data silo: how scoring tables get revised, cross-sport benchmarks, and the conversions that sit under every other tool.
Calculators
Bowling handicap calculator
USBC average, handicap per game and series, with correct truncation.
ToolAge grading calculator
A cross-age benchmark for running performance from the WMA factors.
Explainers
How scoring tables get revised
Why coefficients and base times change, and how to tell which version you have.
ReadHow USBC bowling handicap works
Basis score, percentage and the truncation most calculators get wrong.
ReadSports unit conversion reference
Pace, speed, mass and distance conversions used across the site.